Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

713
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
713
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

669
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
669
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

2.1K
2.1K
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

2.8K
Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
2.8K
Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

4.2K
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...
4.2K
Language Development01:22

Language Development

789
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
789

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Faster Speech Slows Predictive Processing: Evidence from Mandarin.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026
Same author

Closing editorial for the special issue of cortex: Neurocognitive perspectives on discourse and connected language.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

Linguistic structure and language familiarity sharpen phoneme encoding in the brain.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

More than words: Effects of grammaticality and lexical surprisal in self-paced reading.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Selective rereading in Chinese garden path sentences.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

A metatheory of classical and modern connectionism.

Psychological review·2025
Same journal

Testing the predictions of a distinctiveness model of memory: The production effect in backward recall.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

On the impact of adjacency on transposed-word effects under serial presentation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

It's time to opt out: Metacognitive analysis of time regulation under uncertainty.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

The role of statistical learning in attentional guidance during search through naturalistic scenes.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Representing objects and features in long-term memory: A case for direct feature-feature binding.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Crossmodal correspondences influence adaptation during rule-based category learning of objects.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

5.9K

Capitalization interacts with syntactic complexity.

Michael G Cutter1, Andrea E Martin2, Patrick Sturt1

  • 1Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|October 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Readers use proper noun capitalization in peripheral vision to predict sentence structure, influencing reading speed. This syntactic parafoveal-on-foveal effect relies on capitalization cues, not just word meaning.

More Related Videos

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Published on: October 25, 2019

6.0K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

5.9K
An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Published on: October 25, 2019

6.0K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Readers process sentences using both foveal (direct) and parafoveal (peripheral) vision.
  • Syntactic ambiguity resolution can be influenced by various linguistic cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if proper noun capitalization in parafoveal vision guides syntactic category inference.
  • To investigate if this influences early sentence structure representation (syntactic parafoveal-on-foveal effect).

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments using sentences with proper nouns in relative clauses (subject vs. object).
  • Manipulated sentence casing (normal vs. uppercase) and parafoveal preview validity.
  • Measured eye movements, specifically fixation times on ambiguous words.

Main Results:

  • Syntactic parafoveal-on-foveal effects were observed, indicating parafoveal processing influences foveal fixation.
  • Capitalization significantly impacted these effects, more so than lexical processing.
  • Sentence casing, not preview validity, modulated the parafoveal effect.

Conclusions:

  • Proper noun capitalization serves as a crucial low-level cue for parafoveal syntactic inference.
  • This suggests early integration of visual cues into sentence processing models.
  • Findings inform theories of eye movement control and predictive processing during reading.