Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Higher-order thalamic bursts are drivers of attention control.

Neuron·2026

Same author

Ontology-constrained multi-LLM scoring of hypothesis support in the predictive processing literature.

Research square·2026

Same author

Timing of IABP initiation and its impact on outcomes in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock: insights from a bi-center retrospective study.

Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society·2026

Same author

Viral suppression is associated with rising NT-proCNP levels and reduced systemic inflammation in people living with HIV.

Infection·2026

Same author

Visual cortical dynamics supporting predictable attentional capture.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Impact of angiographic valve expansion on the hemodynamic outcome in valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Temporal dynamics of binocular integration in primary visual cortex.

Michele A Cox¹, Kacie Dougherty¹, Jacob A Westerberg¹

¹Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

Journal of Vision

|October 18, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The brain rapidly integrates two eyes' views, but how this happens neuronally is unclear. New research reveals primary visual cortex (V1) processing occurs in two phases: initial signal combination, then differentiating compatible from incompatible stimuli.

More Related Videos

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Published on: September 6, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Published on: September 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Binocular integration rapidly combines visual input from both eyes.
Binocular rivalry occurs when incompatible stimuli lead to suppression of one eye's view.
The precise temporal dynamics of binocular integration in the primary visual cortex (V1) remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the temporal sequence of binocular responses in V1.
To elucidate the neuronal mechanisms underlying the initial fusion of binocular information.
To understand how V1 differentiates between compatible and incompatible binocular stimuli.

Main Methods:

Electrophysiological recordings were performed in V1 of fixating monkeys.
The temporal profile of neuronal responses to monocular and binocular stimulation was analyzed.
Stimuli varied in compatibility (congruent vs. incongruent) to probe binocular integration.

Main Results:

V1 processes binocular stimuli in at least two distinct temporal phases.
An initial transient phase shows enhanced responses to both compatible and incompatible stimuli.
A subsequent sustained phase reveals differential processing: suppression for incompatible stimuli and varied suppression/facilitation for compatible stimuli, dependent on ocularity and laminar location.

Conclusions:

Binocular integration in V1 involves a sequential process.
The first step appears to be additive combination of signals from both eyes.
The second step differentiates between binocular concordance and discordance, leading to distinct response patterns.