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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are essential for understanding the orientation, relationships, and spatial organization of anatomical structures.
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Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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[Using three-dimensional craniofacial images to construct horizontal reference plane].

M J Kim1, Y Liu1

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.

Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences
|October 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Four horizontal planes in 3D cephalometry showed no significant differences. Using bilateral orbitales and one porion offers the highest concordance for clinical practice, accounting for head rotation effects on landmarks.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Cephalometry
  • 3D Imaging

Background:

  • Establishing reliable horizontal reference planes is crucial for 3D cephalometric analysis.
  • Variations in landmark identification can affect treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare four distinct three-dimensional horizontal planes for cephalometry.
  • To identify anatomical landmarks for constructing accurate horizontal reference planes.

Main Methods:

  • 32 patients with facial symmetry underwent Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).
  • Four horizontal reference planes were constructed using bilateral porion and bilateral orbitale landmarks.
  • Pitch, yaw, and roll of the planes were measured, and reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences were found among the four constructed horizontal planes (P > 0.05 for pitch, yaw, and roll).
  • Head rotation (pitch, yaw, roll) significantly altered the positions of porion and orbitale landmarks.

Conclusions:

  • The four tested horizontal reference planes demonstrated comparable reliability in 3D cephalometry.
  • Constructing a horizontal plane using bilateral orbitales and one porion showed the highest concordance, suggesting it as a potentially optimal clinical choice.
  • Understanding the impact of head rotation on landmark positions is essential for accurate cephalometric analysis.