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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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[Prognosis of recurrence in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma based on preoperative examination].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

903

[Thyroid cancer].

V E Vanushko1, N S Kuznetsov1, P I Garbuzov2

  • 1Endocrinology Research Centre.

Problemy Endokrinologii
|October 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid nodules are common, affecting up to 50% of individuals over 50. While nodular goiter prevalence varies with iodine intake, thyroid cancer incidence remains independent of iodine levels.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Context:

  • Nodular thyroid lesions are increasingly detected due to widespread ultrasound use.
  • Autopsy studies reveal a higher prevalence of thyroid nodules (around 50%) in individuals over 50.
  • Thyroid nodules are more common in women and rare in children, with incidence increasing with age.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the prevalence of nodular thyroid lesions and thyroid cancer.
  • To investigate the relationship between nodular goiter, thyroid cancer, and iodine supply.
  • To clarify the impact of geographical iodine levels on thyroid cancer incidence.

Summary:

  • Ultrasound and autopsy data indicate thyroid nodule prevalence significantly higher than previously thought, reaching 50% in older adults.
Keywords:
adenomathyroid cancerthyroid gland

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  • Nodular goiter incidence rises with age and is more frequent in women.
  • Thyroid cancer prevalence within nodular goiter ranges from 1-6%, irrespective of iodine supply levels.

    • Impact:

    • Findings suggest that studies on thyroid cancer are comparable across regions with differing iodine supply.
    • Highlights the high prevalence of thyroid nodules and the need for accurate diagnostic approaches.
    • Provides insights into the epidemiology of thyroid nodules and cancer, aiding public health strategies.