Magnetically guided virus stamping for the targeted infection of single cells or groups of cells

To understand and control complex tissues, the ability to genetically manipulate single cells is required. However, current delivery methods for the genetic engineering of single cells, including viral transduction, suffer from limitations that restrict their application. Here we present a protocol that describes a versatile technique that can be used for the targeted viral infection of single cells or small groups of cells in any tissue that is optically accessible. First, cells of interest are selected using optical microscopy. Second, a micropipette-loaded with magnetic nanoparticles to which viral particles are bound-is brought into proximity of the cell of interest, and a magnetic field is applied to guide the viral nanoparticles into cellular contact, leading to transduction. The protocol, exemplified here by stamping cultured neurons with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), is completed in a few minutes and allows stable transgene expression within a few days, at success rates that approach 80%. We outline how this strategy is applied to single-cell infection in complex tissues, and is feasible both in organoids and in vivo.