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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Reading Chemical Modifications in the Transcriptome.

Jinghui Song1, Chengqi Yi2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|October 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epitranscriptomics explores diverse internal mRNA modifications in eukaryotes. This review details their creation, detection, functions, and reader proteins, highlighting research challenges.

Keywords:
5-methylcytosineN(1)-methyladenosineN(6),2′-O-dimethyladenosineinosineN(6)-methyladenosinePseudouridine

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The transcriptome contains diverse chemical modifications, establishing the field of epitranscriptomics.
  • Eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) features a 5' cap and 3' poly(A) tail crucial for regulation.
  • Internal mRNA modifications, affecting bases (A/U/C/G) and ribose, are increasingly recognized for their roles in RNA metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review internal modifications in eukaryotic mRNA.
  • To provide an overview of their biogenesis, detection, functions, and regulatory mechanisms.
  • To emphasize the role of reader proteins in recognizing modified RNA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epitranscriptomics research.
  • Focus on internal mRNA modifications (bases and ribose).
  • Analysis of biogenesis, high-throughput detection, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Internal mRNA modifications are widespread and functionally significant.
  • Reader proteins are key mediators of modified RNA function.
  • High-throughput methods enable large-scale detection of these modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Internal mRNA modifications are integral to RNA regulation and metabolism.
  • Understanding reader proteins is crucial for deciphering epitranscriptomic roles.
  • Further research is needed to address current challenges in studying mRNA modifications.