Understanding membrane remodelling initiated by photosensitized lipid oxidation

In this review, we describe how photooxidation changes membrane properties that can ultimately lead to permanent membrane damage. Lipid photooxidation occurs in the presence of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen and by direct reactions of lipids with a photosensitizer in the excited state. Indeed, lipid oxidation triggers chemical transformations that can alter lipid packing; change the membrane surface area, thickness and elastic modulus; and induce pore formation and phase separation. Here, we highlight how lipid hydroperoxides promote membrane remodelling and phase separation. Further, we emphasize the alterations caused by truncated oxidized lipids that lead to increased membrane permeability. Finally, the consequences of lipid photooxidation on cell functions are also discussed.