Distribution-free simultaneous tests for location-scale and Lehmann alternative in two-sample problem

The paper deals with the classical two-sample testing problem for the equality of two populations, one of the most fundamental problems in biomedical experiments and case-control studies. The most familiar alternatives are the difference in location parameters or the difference in scale parameters or in both the parameters of the population density. All the tests designed for classical location or scale or location-scale alternatives assume that there is no change in the shape of the distribution. Some authors also consider the Lehmann-type alternative that addresses the change in shape. Two-sample tests under Lehmann alternative assume that the location and scale parameters are invariant. In real life, when a shift in the distribution occurs, one or more of the location, scale, and shape parameters may change simultaneously. We refer to change of one or more of the three parameters as a versatile alternative. Noting the dearth of literature for the equality two populations against such versatile alternative, we introduce two distribution-free tests based on the Euclidean and Mahalanobis distance. We obtain the asymptotic distributions of the two test statistics and study asymptotic power. We also discuss approximating p-values of the proposed tests in real applications with small samples. We compare the power performance of the two tests with several popular existing distribution-free tests against various fixed alternatives using Monte Carlo. We provide two illustrations based on biomedical experiments. Unlike existing tests which are suitable only in certain situations, proposed tests offer very good power in almost all types of shifts.