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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods
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Visual fixation patterns during economic choice reflect covert valuation processes that emerge with learning.

Sean E Cavanagh1, W M Nishantha Malalasekera2, Bruno Miranda2,3,4

  • 1Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom; sean.cavanagh.12@ucl.ac.uk s.kennerley@ucl.ac.uk.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 23, 2019
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Summary

Primate brains use rapid, hidden evaluations to guide eye movements toward valuable stimuli, even before looking. This suggests separate brain systems for visual attention and final decision-making.

Keywords:
attentiondecision makinglearningnovelty bonusvalue

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Visual fixations are crucial for decision-making, with longer fixations correlating with higher choice probability.
  • The role of covert evaluation (assessing stimuli without fixation) in guiding subsequent visual attention remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how covert stimulus evaluation influences fixation patterns during decision-making.
  • To investigate the interplay between covert evaluation, fixation guidance, and choice behavior in primates.

Main Methods:

  • Monkeys performed a binary choice task with overtrained, novel, or mixed reward-predictive stimuli.
  • Subjects freely controlled saccades and made choices via joystick response.
  • Analysis focused on fixation latencies, direction, and choice behavior.

Main Results:

  • First fixation latency was rapid (∼150 ms) and value-driven, indicating pre-saccadic covert evaluation.
  • Covert evaluation was more pronounced for overtrained stimuli and developed over time for novel stimuli.
  • Mixed trials showed a bias for fixating novel stimuli but not for choosing them.

Conclusions:

  • Primate brains possess fast covert evaluation mechanisms that guide fixations toward valuable and novel information.
  • Fixation behavior can be dissociated from value comparison processes driving choice, implying separable neural systems.
  • This suggests distinct decision systems for value-guided attention and value-guided choice.