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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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DNA Helicases00:55

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Related Experiment Video

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Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Osmotically Driven and Detected DNA Translocations.

Angus McMullen1, George Araujo1, Michele Winter1

  • 1Physics Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.

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Salinity gradients drive DNA through nanopores, generating detectable ionic current changes. This diffusiophoresis effect powers nanopore sensors, enabling DNA detection even against opposing electrical forces.

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A Simple, Robust, and High Throughput Single Molecule Flow Stretching Assay Implementation for Studying Transport of Molecules Along DNA
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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Nanopore sensing detects molecules via ionic current changes during translocation.
  • Driving molecule translocation typically requires external electrical fields or pressure.
  • Understanding forces governing molecule-nanopore interactions is crucial for sensor development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of salinity gradients in driving DNA translocation through solid-state nanopores.
  • To analyze the ionic current changes and translocation dynamics under varying salinity gradients.
  • To explore the potential of salinity gradients as a power source for nanopore sensors.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of solid-state nanopores.
  • Controlled generation of salinity gradients across the nanopore.
  • Measurement of ionic current changes during DNA translocation.
  • Theoretical analysis incorporating diffusiophoresis and electrode effects.

Main Results:

  • Salinity gradients were found to propel DNA molecules through nanopores.
  • Both DNA-induced current change and translocation speed increased with salinity gradient magnitude.
  • Diffusiophoresis was identified as the primary driving force, overcoming retarding potentials up to tens of millivolts.

Conclusions:

  • Salinity gradients can effectively drive and control DNA translocation in nanopores.
  • Diffusiophoresis is a significant factor in nanopore-based molecular transport.
  • This study demonstrates the feasibility of using salinity gradients to power and operate nanopore sensors for DNA detection.