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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Three-dimensional Inflammatory Human Tissue Equivalents of Gingiva
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The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation.

Saskia Steinfort1, Carmen Obach-Schröck1, Michael Röcken2

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

Frontiers in Veterinary Science
|October 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Equine periodontal disease (ePD) requires specific diagnostic protocols. Anatomical study reveals distinct equine gingival features crucial for early ePD detection and treatment planning.

Keywords:
gingival margingingival sulcushorseinterdental papillaperiodontium

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Dentistry
  • Equine Medicine
  • Periodontology

Background:

  • Equine periodontal disease (ePD) progresses to advanced stages, often necessitating tooth extraction.
  • Current diagnostic protocols for ePD are adapted from small animal medicine, overlooking species-specific anatomy.
  • Early diagnosis of periodontal diseases (PD) in small animals improved with detailed anatomical descriptions and examination protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a solid anatomical basis for equine-specific periodontal examination protocols.
  • To identify pathognomonic signs of early periodontal disease in horses.
  • To provide criteria for grading systems and treatment plans for equine periodontal disease.

Main Methods:

  • Macroscopic examination of 20 equine heads.
  • Detailed analysis of the gingival sulcus, gingival margin, and interdental papillae.
  • Assessment of morphological patterns across different dental arcades (cheek and incisor).

Main Results:

  • Consistent morphological patterns of the gingival margin and interdental papillae were identified in horses.
  • A gingival sulcus exceeding 1 mm was found in only 6% of specimens, differing from small animal norms.
  • Specific anatomical features were observed on vestibular and lingual/palatal aspects of equine teeth.

Conclusions:

  • Equine gingival anatomy differs from that of small animals, necessitating species-specific periodontal examination protocols.
  • Inspection of the gingival margin and interdental papillae are key criteria for equine periodontal investigations.
  • Developing equine-specific protocols can improve early diagnosis and management of ePD, potentially avoiding extractions.