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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Size-Dependent Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Atmospherically Relevant Complex Systems.

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Aerosol particle properties like liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) affect climate. This study shows size-dependent LLPS in complex organic aerosols, including alpha-pinene secondary organic matter, impacting atmospheric models.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Aerosol particle physical properties influence climate.
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in submicron aerosols is size-dependent.
  • Ambient aerosols are complex mixtures, unlike simplified model systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate LLPS in more complex aerosol systems.
  • To examine LLPS in particles containing ammonium sulfate and organic mixtures, including alpha-pinene secondary organic matter (SOM).
  • To determine the relevance of size-dependent LLPS for atmospheric aerosol modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopy techniques to observe particle morphology.
  • Controlled experiments with ammonium sulfate and various organic compounds.
  • Analysis of aerosol particles composed of alpha-pinene SOM.

Main Results:

  • Observed size-dependent morphology: small particles homogeneous, large particles phase-separated.
  • Discovered three-phase particles and a novel 'channel morphology' upon efflorescence.
  • Confirmed LLPS in complex organic mixtures and SOM.

Conclusions:

  • Size-dependent LLPS is a characteristic of complex organic aerosols and SOM.
  • These findings suggest LLPS is a relevant phenomenon for ambient aerosols.
  • The study highlights the need to incorporate size-dependent LLPS into atmospheric aerosol models.