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Electric Flux01:15

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The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if...
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The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
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There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting characteristics, but all three have two things in common: they transfer heat solely because of a temperature difference; and the greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat transfer.
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Consider the electric field of an oppositely charged, parallel-plate system and an imaginary box between those plates. Let the bottom face of the box be ABCD, and the top face be FGHK. The electric field between the plates is uniform and points from the positive plate toward the negative plate. The calculation of this field's flux through the box's various faces shows that the net flux through the box is zero. Why does the flux cancel out here?
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Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
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Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy (E) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
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Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
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Heat flux in one-dimensional systems.

Carlos Mejía-Monasterio1, Antonio Politi2, Lamberto Rondoni3,4

  • 1Laboratory of Physical Properties, Technical University of Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Physical Review. E
|October 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study examines heat conduction in classical nonlinear oscillator chains. Researchers found that the convective heat flux component can be negative, especially at high temperatures or with negative pressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Heat transport in one-dimensional (1D) systems presents unique challenges due to macroscopic inhomogeneities, long-range correlations, and large fluctuations.
  • These phenomena violate locality, impacting bulk material properties and complicating the interpretation of microscopic quantities in thermodynamic terms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate heat conduction in classical nonlinear oscillator chains.
  • To analyze the contributions of convective and conductive heat flux components.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized both Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches to model heat transport.
  • Examined the behavior of heat flux components under varying temperature conditions and pressures.

Main Results:

  • The Eulerian definition of heat flux comprises convective and conductive components.
  • The convective component becomes dominant at high temperatures, where the system behaves more like a gas.
  • A negative convective heat flux component was observed in the presence of negative pressure.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into anomalous energy transport in 1D systems.
  • Understanding the interplay between temperature, pressure, and heat flux components is crucial for 1D systems.
  • The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of heat conduction in classical nonlinear systems.