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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.8K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.8K
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

2.2K
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
2.2K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

102.6K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
102.6K
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

1.6K
Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
1.6K
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

1.5K
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
1.5K

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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

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[Interpretation of acid-base disorders].

Mathis Hochrainer1,2, Georg-Christian Funk3,4

  • 1Abteilung für Innere Medizin und Pneumologie, Krankenhaus Nord - Klinik Floridsdorf, Brünner Str. 68, 1210, Wien, Österreich. mathis.hochrainer@wienkav.at.

Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin Und Notfallmedizin
|October 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Maintaining stable blood pH is vital for health. This article explains how to diagnose metabolic and respiratory acid-base disorders using the Stewart Approach in clinical practice.

Keywords:
AcidosisAlkalosisBlood gas analysisLactateMetabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Intensive Care Medicine

Background:

  • Maintaining blood pH homeostasis is critical for normal physiological function.
  • Acid-base disorders can arise from various causes and lead to severe health consequences.
  • Accurate diagnosis of acid-base imbalances is essential in critical care settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a practical overview of metabolic and respiratory acid-base disorders.
  • To explain the diagnostic application of the simplified Stewart Approach in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of relevant literature on acid-base balance.
  • Explanation of the simplified Stewart Approach for diagnosing acid-base disorders.
  • Integration of diagnostic strategies for metabolic and respiratory disturbances.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive overview of common acid-base disorders.
  • Demonstration of the Stewart Approach for practical diagnosis.
  • Guidance on differentiating metabolic from respiratory causes.

Conclusions:

  • The Stewart Approach offers a simplified method for diagnosing acid-base disorders.
  • Understanding these disorders is crucial for effective management in internal medicine and emergency care.
  • This practical guide aids clinicians in everyday diagnostic challenges.