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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Annexin V expression on CD4+ T cells with regulatory function.

Anna-Lena Bollinger1, Thomas Bollinger2, Jan Rupp3

  • 1Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.

Immunology
|October 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing Annexin V (ANXA5) were identified. These ANXA5+ Treg cells suppress immune responses and may bridge Treg function with immune silencing mechanisms.

Keywords:
T cellsregulationsuppression

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for inducing peripheral immunologic tolerance by suppressing effector lymphocytes.
  • Immune silencing is primarily mediated by phagocyte recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and function of Annexin V (ANXA5) in regulatory T cells.
  • To determine if ANXA5 expression links Treg function with immune silencing pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ANXA5 expression at mRNA and protein levels in CD4+ CD25hi Treg cells.
  • In vitro functional assays including cell adhesion, proliferation, and suppression assays.
  • In vivo studies using a murine model of delayed type hypersensitivity.

Main Results:

  • CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells, a subset of Treg cells, express Treg markers and bind to PS+ cells.
  • These cells exhibit potent, allo-specific suppression of T cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production.
  • Murine CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells inhibit T helper type 1 responses in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • This study reports Annexin V (ANXA5) expression on a novel subset of regulatory T cells.
  • ANXA5+ Treg cells possess potent immunosuppressive capabilities.
  • This finding suggests a potential role for ANXA5+ Treg cells in bridging classical Treg function with immune silencing.