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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis
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Calcium Signaling: From Basic to Bedside.

Md Shahidul Islam1,2

  • 1Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Shahidul.Islam@ki.se.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Calcium signaling orchestrates vital cellular functions, from gene expression to embryonic development. Research into calcium

Keywords:
Calcium and cancerCalcium and diabetesCalcium and gene expressionCalcium binding proteinsCalcium channelsCalcium oscillationsCalcium pumpsCalcium signalingCalcium-sensing receptorExcitation-contraction couplingStimulus-secretion coupling

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Area of Science:

  • * Cellular Biology
  • * Biochemistry
  • * Physiology

Background:

  • * Calcium signaling networks regulate critical cellular processes such as gene expression, muscle contraction, and neural activity.
  • * These networks involve a complex interplay of cellular structures, proteins, channels, and transcription factors.
  • * Dysregulation of calcium signaling is implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore the multifaceted roles of calcium signaling in diverse physiological and pathological contexts.
  • * To highlight the advanced methodologies employed in studying calcium dynamics.
  • * To underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting calcium signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilizes advanced techniques for measuring intracellular calcium concentrations.
  • * Employs sophisticated statistical analyses for interpreting calcium signal data.
  • * Leverages biophysical simulations for modeling complex calcium dynamics.

Main Results:

  • * Calcium signaling is fundamental to numerous cellular functions, including synaptic plasticity and embryonic development.
  • * A wide array of molecular components contribute to the generation and interpretation of calcium signals.
  • * Investigating calcium signaling aids in understanding disease mechanisms and drug action.

Conclusions:

  • * Calcium signaling is a central mechanism underlying diverse biological processes and disease pathogenesis.
  • * Advanced research methods are crucial for deciphering the complexities of calcium dynamics.
  • * Targeting calcium signaling pathways offers promising avenues for novel therapeutic interventions.