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Related Concept Videos

Couette Flow01:22

Couette Flow

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Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving01:18

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

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To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
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Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width01:12

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When a curved plate of constant width is submerged in a liquid, the pressure acting normal to the plate varies continuously both in magnitude and direction. Calculating the magnitude and location of the resultant force at a point is often challenging for such cases. One of the methods to determine the resultant force and its location involves separately calculating the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force. This complex calculation can be simplified by representing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
09:37

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

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Packed bed compression visualisation and flow simulation using an erosion-dilation approach.

T F Johnson1, F Iacoviello2, D J Hayden3

  • 1Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|October 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray computed tomography (CT) visualizes chromatography packed bed compression and flow dynamics. Cellulose beds compressed at high flow rates, altering porosity, tortuosity, and permeability.

Keywords:
CompressionImagingPacked bedStructureX-ray computed tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Chromatography
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Imaging Technologies

Background:

  • X-ray computed tomography (CT) enables 3D imaging of chromatography packed beds.
  • Understanding packed bed structural changes under flow is crucial for process optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize and quantify structural changes in chromatography packed beds during compression.
  • To assess the impact of flow rate on bed porosity, tortuosity, and permeability.
  • To evaluate digital image processing techniques for analyzing fouled packed beds.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray CT imaging of 1 mL chromatography packed beds (agarose, cellulose, ceramic) under varying flow rates.
  • Quantification of porosity, tortuosity, and permeability using flow simulations based on CT data.
  • Application of erosion-dilation digital processing to address image quality loss from fouling.

Main Results:

  • Cellulose beds showed compression at high flow rates, leading to decreased porosity and altered tortuosity and permeability.
  • Pre-packed columns remained structurally stable within vendor flow limits.
  • Digital processing successfully simulated diffusivity and mimicked pore constriction/blocking in fouled beads.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray CT is effective for in-situ monitoring of packed bed structural dynamics.
  • High flow rates can induce reversible compression in certain packed bed materials.
  • Advanced image processing can overcome fouling challenges in packed bed analysis.