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Related Concept Videos

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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Immunotherapeutic Challenges for Pediatric Cancers.

Brian Hutzen1, Mohammed Ghonime1, Joel Lee2

  • 1The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.

Molecular Therapy Oncolytics
|October 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric cancers present unique tumor microenvironments distinct from adult cancers. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing effective pediatric immunotherapies.

Keywords:
CAR T cellsbrain tumordendritic cell vaccineimmunosuppressionimmunotherapymetabolic antagonismnatural killer cellsneo-antigenoncolytic virotherapysarcoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Solid tumors feature a complex microenvironment with malignant and non-malignant cells.
  • This microenvironment often induces chronic inflammation and immunosuppression, hindering immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Pediatric and adult cancers share some microenvironmental similarities but possess unique characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight key differences between pediatric and adult cancers regarding tumorigenesis, viral infections, and immune responses.
  • To inform the application of adult cancer treatment strategies to pediatric patients.
  • To guide the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches for childhood cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pediatric and adult cancer biology.
  • Comparative analysis of tumorigenesis pathways.
  • Examination of immunologic responses and viral infection prevalence in different age groups.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations exist in the cellular composition and signaling pathways within pediatric versus adult tumor microenvironments.
  • Differences in immune cell infiltration and function impact treatment responses.
  • Viral oncogenesis plays a distinct role in certain pediatric malignancies compared to adult cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric cancers possess unique immunological and etiological features necessitating tailored therapeutic strategies.
  • Direct translation of adult cancer immunotherapies to pediatric populations may be ineffective or detrimental.
  • Further research is required to optimize immunotherapeutic interventions for childhood cancers based on their distinct biological profiles.