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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Related Experiment Video

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In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
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In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

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Circular RNAs: from biogenesis and function to diseases.

Dong Li1,2, Yan Yang1, Ze-Qin Li3

  • 1Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China.

Chinese Medical Journal
|October 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable molecules with disease-specific expression patterns. Their detection in body fluids and altered expression in diseases like cancer suggest their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with a unique covalently closed loop structure.
  • This structure confers high stability, making circRNAs resistant to degradation by exoribonucleases.
  • circRNAs play crucial roles in regulating gene expression through mechanisms like microRNA sponging and protein binding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on circular RNAs (circRNAs) and their potential as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment.
  • To explore the biogenesis, biologic functions, and disease-associated expression patterns of circRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases.
  • Keywords included circRNAs, biogenesis, biologic function, and disease.
  • Articles published in English between 1976 and 2019 were reviewed without exclusion criteria for study design or publication type.

Main Results:

  • circRNAs are stable non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with tissue-specific expression, making them suitable for biomarker development.
  • They participate in regulating physiological and pathological processes by acting as microRNA sponges, binding proteins, and regulating transcription/splicing.
  • Disordered circRNA expression is observed in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, indicating their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • circRNA expression profiles change in various diseases, often showing reduced levels in cancer tissues.
  • circRNAs are detectable in patient body fluids, confirming their utility as effective biomarkers for disease diagnosis.
  • These findings highlight circRNAs as promising novel therapeutic targets for diverse diseases.