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Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale
Published on: May 25, 2016
Kari L Van Grinsven1, Alireza Ousati Ashtiani2, Hongrui Jiang3,4,5,6,7
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. kvangrinsven@wisc.edu.
This study introduces a novel magnetically actuated liquid lens that adjusts focal length using electrical current. This tunable-focus lens offers a wide focal range and can function as both converging and diverging optics.
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