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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Photoinduced hydrogen release from hydrogen boride sheets.

Reiya Kawamura1, Nguyen Thanh Cuong2, Takeshi Fujita3

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|October 27, 2019
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New hydrogen boride nanosheets offer high hydrogen storage capacity. These novel HB sheets release hydrogen gas upon photoirradiation, demonstrating potential for advanced energy applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Magnesium diboride (MgB2) is a known material with potential applications.
  • Developing efficient hydrogen storage materials is crucial for clean energy technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel hydrogen boride (HB) nanosheets.
  • To investigate the hydrogen release properties of HB sheets under photoirradiation.
  • To evaluate the hydrogen storage capacity of HB sheets.

Main Methods:

  • Facile synthesis of HB sheets via ion-exchange treatment of MgB2 in acetonitrile.
  • Optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine bandgap energy.
  • First-principles and DFT calculations to assign electronic transitions.
  • Quantification of gaseous H2 release under photoirradiation.

Main Results:

  • HB sheets synthesized with a bandgap energy of 2.8 eV.
  • Optical absorption attributed to σ-bonding to antibonding state electron transitions.
  • Significant H2 gas release observed only under photoirradiation.
  • Estimated H2 storage capacity of 8 wt%.

Conclusions:

  • HB sheets exhibit unique electronic properties and photoresponsive hydrogen release.
  • The observed H2 release mechanism involves photo-induced electron transitions.
  • HB sheets demonstrate high H2 storage capacity, outperforming many metal hydrides.