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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Inflammation induced PD-L1-specific T cells.

Shamaila Munir¹, Mia Thorup Lundsager¹, Mia Aabroe Jørgensen¹

¹National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-dk), Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.

|October 29, 2019

Summary

Inflammation, such as from IFN-γ, generates measurable numbers of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-specific T cells. These T cells can modulate local environments and support immune homeostasis by suppressing regulatory cells.

Keywords:

IFN-γ Inflammation PD-L1 T-cell immunity anti-Tregs anti-regulatory T-cells

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Published on: February 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-specific T cells are naturally present in human T-cell repertoires.
Previous studies identified spontaneous CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell reactivity against PD-L1 in cancer patients and healthy donors.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), are known to induce PD-L1 protein expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To directly link inflammation with the generation of PD-L1-specific T cells.
To investigate the functional capacity of inflammation-induced PD-L1-specific T cells in modulating cellular environments.

Main Methods:

Utilized human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vivo models.
Applied inflammatory mediators, including IFN-γ, to assess T-cell generation.
Analyzed the modulation of local cell compartments by PD-L1-specific T cells.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that inflammatory mediators, specifically IFN-γ, generate measurable numbers of PD-L1-specific T cells in human PBMCs and in vivo.
Showcased the ability of these PD-L1-specific T cells to significantly modulate cellular components within their local environment.

Conclusions:

Inflammation directly drives the expansion of PD-L1-specific T cells.
PD-L1-specific T cells play a crucial role in immune homeostasis by sustaining inflammatory responses through suppression of regulatory cell function.