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Cognitive behavioural responses to envy: development of a new measure
Cheryl Jordan1, Silia Vitoratou2, Yee Siew3
1Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, 57 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, UK.
Background:
Envy is depicted as motivating destructive desires and actions intended to spoil or destroy that which is envied.
Aim:
To develop a new valid and reliable measure of malicious envy (C-BRES), which included items representing the cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses empirically associated with this emotion.
Method:
A total of 203 adults completed the new 22-item cognitive and behavioural responses to envy scale (C-BRES). Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to test for reliability and internal consistency of the C-BRES. Evidence towards the concurrent construct validity (convergent and discriminant) of the C-BRES was assessed through correlations with the Dispositional envy scale and other measures of psychosocial outcomes empirically linked to envy.
Results:
Factor analysis for categorical data identified five dimensions of envy, namely: injustice, hostility, malicious action tendencies, malicious feelings and behavioural responses. The reliability indices of the five factors and the total scale were satisfactory (>0.85). Evidence towards the concurrent construct validity (convergent and discriminant) of the C-BRES is reported. In particular, envy was associated with higher levels of depression, psychoticism, neuroticism, anger and lower levels of self-esteem and quality of life.
Conclusion:
All findings support the psychometric adequacy of the C-BRES.
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