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Related Concept Videos

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

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Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

5.0K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

23.5K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Metallic sample preparation for phase transformation analysis.

A Paganotti1, C V X Bessa1,2, L S Silva1

  • 1Laboratory of Materials and Mechanical Manufacture, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.

Methodsx
|October 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a comprehensive metallic sample preparation method for phase transformation studies. The described technique ensures accurate material characterization across various complex metallic systems.

Keywords:
Heat treatmentMetallic sample preparationMetals and alloysSample preparations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Phase Transformation Studies

Background:

  • Accurate characterization of metallic materials is vital for phase transformation studies.
  • Existing sample preparation methodologies are often incompletely described and primarily focus on industrial analysis of iron-based and aluminum-based alloys.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fully describe a robust methodology for preparing metallic samples for diverse characterization techniques.
  • To provide a detailed procedure for creating complex metallic systems from pure base materials.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed description of melting metallic ingots from pure base materials using arc melting.
  • Explanation of correct sample cutting, sanding, and polishing procedures.
  • A comprehensive protocol for preparing metallic samples for various analytical methods.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation of metallic samples suitable for multiple characterization techniques.
  • Demonstration of a reproducible method for complex metallic systems.
  • Establishment of a detailed workflow from raw materials to analysis-ready samples.

Conclusions:

  • The presented methodology offers a complete and detailed approach to metallic sample preparation.
  • This method is applicable to a wide range of metallic systems beyond common industrial alloys.
  • The detailed procedure ensures high-quality samples for accurate material characterization and phase transformation analysis.