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Adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit altered brain connectivity. This study reveals reduced structure-function coupling in ADHD, linked to symptom severity and driven by neural noise variability.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display altered brain connectivity, but the relationship between structural and functional abnormalities and their underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Life-long debilitating symptoms in ADHD necessitate research into the neural underpinnings of chronic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between structural and functional brain connectivity in adults with childhood-onset ADHD.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms driving structure-function coupling abnormalities in ADHD.
  • To link brain abnormalities to the severity of ADHD symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 80 medication-naive adults with childhood-onset ADHD and 123 healthy controls.
  • Utilized diffusion spectrum imaging and multi-echo resting-state functional MRI to derive structural and functional connectivity matrices.
  • Employed computational modeling to examine neural mechanisms and structure-function coupling.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in structural connectivity were found between ADHD and control groups.
  • Adults with ADHD showed reduced structure-function coupling in feeder connections linking hubs with peripheral regions, particularly involving fronto-parietal and sensory networks.
  • Lower structure-function coupling correlated with higher ADHD symptom severity.

Conclusions:

  • The study identifies a breakdown in the structure-function relationship in ADHD, specifically in feeder connections, potentially driven by neural noise variability.
  • This provides novel insights into the nature of chronic ADHD and highlights fronto-parietal systems.
  • Future research should focus on the genetic and neurobiological factors contributing to neural noise in ADHD.