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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones01:21

Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

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By replacing an α-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed α-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an α-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the –OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic halogen to form a...
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E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry02:43

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One of the critical aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, as also observed in E2, is the regiochemistry, with multiple regioisomers obtained as products. In the example discussed, the presence of water as a weak base favors elimination over substitution to generate two alkenes. Given that alkenes’ stability increases with the number of alkyl groups across the double bond, typically, E1 reactions lead to the Zaitsev product, for this is more substituted and stable than the Hofmann product.
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Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

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Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to  N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Efficient C1 Elongation by Reversing α-Oxidation.

Benjamin M Woolston1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 313 SN, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Trends in Biotechnology
|November 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to elongate single carbon (C1) compounds like formyl-CoA. This breakthrough enables better C1 bioconversion and synthetic methylotrophy engineering in organisms.

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Microbial Engineering

Background:

  • Single carbon (C1) compounds are valuable but challenging feedstocks for bioconversion.
  • Existing C1 assimilation pathways are difficult to engineer for industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel process for elongating the C1 compound formyl-CoA.
  • To demonstrate a new approach for C1 bioconversion.
  • To facilitate engineering synthetic methylotrophy in host organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel biochemical pathway for formyl-CoA elongation.
  • Demonstration of the process in a relevant biological system.

Main Results:

  • Successfully elongated the C1 compound formyl-CoA.

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  • Established a new method for C1 bioconversion.
  • Provided a foundation for engineering synthetic methylotrophy.

    • Conclusions:

    • The novel formyl-CoA elongation process offers a new strategy for C1 bioconversion.
    • This work is a significant step towards engineering synthetic methylotrophy in various organisms.