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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

Formation of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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Fibrous Proteins00:55

Fibrous Proteins

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Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of either alpha helices or beta sheets and, in rare cases, a mix of both. The amino acids in the primary structure often consist of repeating amino acid sequences. The role of fibrous proteins is primarily structural. Many are located in the extracellular matrix and are present in connective tissues to impart strength and joint mobility. They are...
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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments01:19

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of microfilaments (7 nm) and the microtubules (25 nm).  These filaments are highly stable and can remain intact when exposed to high salt concentrations and detergents. These filaments are responsible for providing stability and mechanical support to the cells. They also help in cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity.
Intermediate...
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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
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Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Lens Biomechanics Research Through a Novel Protocol for Imaging Complex Interdigitations and Protein Staining
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Elastic fiber ultrastructure and assembly.

Beth A Kozel1, Robert P Mecham2

  • 1National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Matrix Biology : Journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology
|November 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tropoelastin self-assembly, not microfibrils, drives elastin maturation. This challenges the traditional view, suggesting elastin aggregates form within or on cells before integrating into extracellular elastic fibers.

Keywords:
Elastic fiberElastinElastin assemblyMicrofibrilsUltrastructure

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Extracellular Matrix Biology

Background:

  • Mature elastin exhibits a filamentous structure, implying complex tropoelastin subunit organization.
  • The established model posits microfibrils as essential scaffolds for tropoelastin monomer alignment during and before crosslinking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alternative mechanisms of tropoelastin assembly.
  • To challenge the necessity of microfibril interaction for elastin formation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies and recent evidence on elastin assembly.
  • Analysis of cellular and extracellular processes involved in elastin maturation.

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence indicates initial tropoelastin assembly occurs intracellularly or on the plasma membrane, forming aggregates.
  • These elastin aggregates are transferred to extracellular elastic fibers, where cellular forces influence fiber shaping.

Conclusions:

  • Tropoelastin self-assembly is a primary driver of elastin maturation.
  • Microfibril scaffolding may not be a prerequisite for tropoelastin assembly, shifting the paradigm of elastic fiber formation.