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How effectively can implicit evaluations be updated? Using evaluative statements after aversive repeated evaluative

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    Implicit attitudes formed through direct experience can be updated by new information. Diagnostic behavioral statements, not mere supposition, durably changed these implicit evaluations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Social Psychology
    • Cognitive Science

    Background:

    • Implicit attitudes are often resistant to change, particularly when formed through associative learning like repeated evaluative pairings (REP).
    • Updating these attitudes typically relies on propositional material, such as evaluative statements (ES).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the responsiveness of implicit evaluations, formed via REP, to updating through different types of ES.
    • To challenge associative theories by demonstrating that new information can override initial learning.

    Main Methods:

    • Four experiments (N = 2,124) involved initial learning via aversive REP (A-REP) followed by exposure to various ES.
    • Implicit evaluations were measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
    • Different types of ES, including behavioral statements and supposition instructions, were employed.

    Main Results:

    • Substantial updating of implicit (IAT) evaluations occurred following ES providing diagnostic behavioral information.
    • Updating was successful whether or not ES explained the initial A-REP learning.
    • Updated implicit evaluations demonstrated durability, persisting for at least 1 day.
    • Diagnostic behavioral ES updated implicit evaluations, but mere supposition instructions did not.

    Conclusions:

    • Diagnostic behavioral statements can durably override initial aversive learning on implicit evaluations, challenging purely associative theories.
    • The findings highlight the adaptive updating of social impressions, distinguishing the impact of behavioral information from hypothetical scenarios.