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Protein Modifications in the RER

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal...

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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

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Detection, identification, and quantification of oxidative protein modifications.

Clare L Hawkins¹, Michael J Davies²

¹Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry

|November 2, 2019

Summary

Protein oxidation, a common cellular event, damages proteins and is linked to aging and disease. New methods are emerging to detect these oxidative modifications, aiding research into their role in health and injury.

Keywords:

carbonyl disulfide hydroperoxide oxidative stress oxygen radicals post-translational modification protein chemical modification protein cross-linking reactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Oxidative stress arises from endogenous and exogenous sources, generating reactive species.
Proteins are primary targets of oxidative damage, leading to altered structure, function, and turnover.
Accumulation of damaged proteins is implicated in aging and various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in understanding protein oxidation chemistry.
To highlight methods for detecting and quantifying oxidative modifications in biological systems.
To assess the current state and future needs in protein oxidation research.

Main Methods:

Review of scientific literature on protein oxidation.
Summary of analytical techniques for detecting post-translational modifications.
Discussion of methods for identifying and quantifying oxidized amino acids, peptides, and proteins.

Main Results:

Oxidative damage to proteins is diverse, with characteristic modifications depending on the oxidant.
Kinetics of damage formation vary significantly.
Various methods exist to detect oxidative modifications at different biological levels (amino acid, peptide, protein).

Conclusions:

Reliable methods are crucial for studying protein oxidation in complex biological systems.
Despite progress, further development is needed to fully understand the role of protein oxidation in disease.
Distinguishing cause from consequence in protein oxidation requires advanced analytical capabilities.