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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Fiber lasers are crucial for various applications.
    • Harmonic mode locking (HML) enables high-repetition-rate pulse generation.
    • Carbon nanotubes offer unique optical properties for laser applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally demonstrate controllable passive harmonic mode locking in an erbium-doped fiber laser.
    • To investigate the use of single-wall carbon nanotubes for soliton pulse shaping in HML.
    • To achieve high-order harmonic generation and analyze the underlying stabilization mechanism.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity.
    • Incorporated single-wall carbon nanotubes for passive mode locking and soliton formation.
    • Adjusted pump power and in-cavity polarization controller to tune HML order.
    • Analyzed laser output characteristics, including frequency and power.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved controllable passive harmonic mode locking up to the 51st order (902 MHz repetition rate).
    • Obtained a maximum output power of 37 mW at the 51st harmonic.
    • Observed stabilization of high-frequency HML attributed to electrostriction-induced acoustic modes acting as a bandpass filter.

    Conclusions:

    • The electrostriction effect plays a key role in stabilizing high-order harmonic mode locking in fiber lasers.
    • Single-wall carbon nanotubes are effective for generating high-frequency pulses via passive HML.
    • This work advances the development of high-repetition-rate fiber laser sources.