Immunotransplant: Preventing Unintended Consequences

T-cell transfer into lymphodepleted recipients results not only in homeostatic activation of the infused cells but also in T-cell inhibition due to upregulation of immune checkpoint receptors including PD-1 and CTLA4, thereby mitigating T-cell efficacy. Dual checkpoint blockade of PD-1 and CTLA4 in conjunction with lymphodepletion-an "immunotransplant"-uncouples the T-cell inhibition from activation and amplifies the T-cell antitumor immune response.See related article by Marshall et al., p. 1520.