A review of recently described genetic alterations in central nervous system tumors

Advances in molecular profiling of central nervous system tumors have enabled the development of classification schemes with improved diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. As such, the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO 2016) introduced a paradigm shift in the diagnosis of brain tumors. For instance, integrated assessment incorporating both histologic features and genetic alterations was introduced into the diagnostic framework of gliomas. IDH1/2 mutation status now represents the most important initial stratifier of diffuse gliomas in adults, although rarer subtypes within the IDH-wildtype category continue to be elucidated. Medulloblastomas and other embryonal neoplasms were also genetically defined and segregated based on molecular subtypes, and 1 molecular subtype of ependymoma was added. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving spectrum of recurrent genetic alterations described in central nervous system tumor entities since the publication of the WHO 2016.