Cytogenetic, Molecular, and Translational Applications in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current Evidence and...

Pancreatic cancer or pancreatic ductal carcinoma is one of the most destructive human malignancies; it is frequently diagnosed at advanced and incurable metastatic stages. In contempt of the voluminous research in the recent past, it became resistant to currently existing, clinically approved therapeutic regimens. Recent advances in cytogenetic, molecular, and translational applications for understanding the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of this disease have opened up new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we present current literature on the cytogenetic, molecular, and translational applications in pancreatic ductal carcinoma, and we emphasize current evidence and future concepts for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and their clinical implications.