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Related Concept Videos

Blood Pressure01:24

Blood Pressure

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The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...
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Blood Pressure01:30

Blood Pressure

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Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure or force of blood exerted on the artery's walls as it circulates through the body. It is essential for maintaining blood flow throughout the body.
The average BP in an adult is typically around 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). In this measurement, the numerator (120) indicates the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart's ventricles as blood is expelled. The denominator (80) represents the...
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Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
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Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

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Arterial Stiffness Gradient, Systemic Reflection Coefficient, and Pulsatile Pressure Wave Transmission in Essential

Gerard M London1, Bruno Pannier1, Michel E Safar2,3,4

  • 1From the Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Manhès, and F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), Fleury-Mérogis, France (G.M.L., B.P.).

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
|November 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hypertension increases microvascular pulsatile pressure transmission (MPPT) and aortic stiffness, despite similar arterial stiffness gradients and systemic reflection coefficients compared to healthy individuals. These changes negatively impact cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
blood pressurehypertensionmicrocirculationriskvascular resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Hemodynamics
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Arterial stiffness and impedance gradients influence pressure wave propagation and macrovascular-microvascular interactions.
  • Hypertension is associated with altered hemodynamic profiles and microvascular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the carotid-femoral arterial stiffness gradient and the systemic reflection coefficient.
  • To evaluate microvascular pulsatile pressure transmission (MPPT) in individuals with and without hypertension.
  • To understand the impact of hypertension on pressure wave propagation and macrovascular-microvascular coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Noninvasive hemodynamic parameter measurements in 393 participants.
  • Assessment of forward/backward pressure wave propagation and MPPT in 246 participants.
  • Comparison of individuals with (n=147) and without (n=98) hypertension, matched for age, sex, and BMI.

Main Results:

  • MPPT was significantly higher in hypertensive individuals (P<0.0001), with a lower subendocardial viability index.
  • The arterial stiffness gradient and systemic reflection coefficient were similar between hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups.
  • Despite similar systemic reflection coefficients, hypertensive individuals had higher carotid reflected pressure and MPPT.
  • Elevated aortic stiffness in hypertension negatively affected the arterial stiffness gradient and systemic reflection coefficient but increased forward pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Hypertension-induced changes, particularly elevated aortic stiffness, increase forward pressure waves and MPPT, outweighing the effects of a similar systemic reflection coefficient.
  • Maintaining normal systemic reflection coefficients is insufficient to compensate for increased aortic stiffness and forward pressure in hypertension.
  • Hypertension significantly alters hemodynamic parameters, impacting microvascular function and potentially compromising subendocardial perfusion despite similar arterial stiffness gradients.