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In certain chromatographic separations, solutes transfer between the mobile phase and the stationary phase via sorption, which typically refers to the process of adsorption. For many chromatographic systems, the sorption process often depends on the polarity of the compounds—an expression of the overall dipole moment within the molecule. During the separation process, there is competition between the solute and solvent for adsorption to the stationary phase. Highly polar compounds and...
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In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
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Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Cyclodextrin-based sorbents for solid phase extraction.

Alessandra Gentili1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le A. Moro n° 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|November 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are versatile cyclic oligosaccharides used in separation and pharmaceutical sciences. Their application in extractive science is growing, especially CD-based nanosponges, due to their unique properties and environmental benefits.

Keywords:
Cyclodextrin polymersCyclodextrin-based composite sorbentsCyclodextrin-based nanospongesCyclodextrinsGreen solventsSolid phase extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Pharmaceutical Science

Background:

  • Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides known for forming host-guest inclusion complexes.
  • Historically used as chiral selectors and in drug delivery systems.
  • Natural CDs are starch degradation products, offering low cost, non-toxicity, and minimal environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the recent advancements and future prospects of cyclodextrins in extractive science.
  • To highlight the development of novel cyclodextrin-based sorbents for solid-phase extraction.
  • To critically assess the applications of cyclodextrins in analytical chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Immobilization of CDs onto inert materials (e.g., silica, attapulgite).
  • Immobilization of CDs onto nanomaterials (e.g., magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes).
  • Polymerization of CDs with cross-linkers to form CD-based nanosponges.

Main Results:

  • CD-based nanosponges show particular promise due to their selectivity, mesoporous structure, aqueous insolubility, and good dispersibility.
  • Various immobilization strategies have been employed to overcome water solubility issues and create effective extraction sorbents.
  • Cyclodextrins are increasingly utilized in extractive science, expanding their traditional roles.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclodextrins, particularly nanosponges, represent a promising class of materials for solid-phase extraction in analytical chemistry.
  • The advantageous characteristics of CDs, including their eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness, drive their expanded use.
  • Further research into CD-based materials will likely lead to innovative applications in separation and analytical sciences.