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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
Published on: October 12, 2018
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BRIEF - SYNOPSIS OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE ON THE RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION
Summary
Understanding HIV transmission risk is crucial. Viral load is a key factor, but other co-factors like STIs and male circumcision also significantly influence transmission rates.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- HIV transmission risk knowledge has evolved.
- Biological and behavioral co-factors, like viral load, are increasingly understood.
- A comprehensive review of HIV transmission evidence was conducted.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and synthesize evidence on HIV transmission risks.
- To identify key biological and behavioral co-factors influencing transmission.
- To provide updated risk estimates for various transmission routes.
Main Methods:
- Literature search from January 2001 to May 2012.
- Focused on systematic, meta-analytic, and narrative reviews.
- Included primary research studies where reviews were absent.
Main Results:
- Sexual HIV transmission risk per act varies: receptive anal intercourse (0.5%-3.38%), insertive anal intercourse (0.06%-0.16%), receptive vaginal intercourse (0.08%-0.19%), insertive vaginal intercourse (0.05%-0.1%).
- Risk of HIV transmission from needle-stick injury in drug users is estimated at 0.7%-0.8%.
- Key influencing factors include viral load, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and male circumcision status.
Conclusions:
- HIV transmission risk estimates vary widely per route, influenced by co-factors.
- Viral load is a significant predictor of HIV transmission across all routes.
- Co-factors like STIs (increasing risk) and male circumcision (decreasing risk) play a crucial role alongside viral load.
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