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What Is Meditation? Proposing an Empirically Derived Classification System.

Karin Matko1, Peter Sedlmeier1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.

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|November 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new classification system for meditation techniques based on two key dimensions: activation and body orientation. This embodied approach identifies seven distinct clusters, challenging traditional categories.

Keywords:
categorizationclassification systemclustersdiversityembodimentmeditationmeditation techniquesmultidimensional scaling

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Meditation encompasses diverse practices, lacking a unified classification system.
  • Previous attempts to categorize meditation techniques have not fully captured their variety.
  • A comprehensive and empirically-grounded classification is needed for research clarity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, bottom-up classification system for meditation techniques.
  • To identify the underlying dimensions and clusters of popular meditation practices.
  • To propose an embodied classification system emphasizing cognitive and bodily aspects.

Main Methods:

  • Reduced 309 meditation techniques to 20 popular ones in prior research.
  • 100 experienced meditators rated the similarity of these 20 techniques.
  • Multidimensional scaling was employed to analyze similarity ratings and identify dimensions/clusters.

Main Results:

  • Two orthogonal dimensions emerged: activation and amount of body orientation.
  • These dimensions highlight the role of embodied cognition in meditation.
  • Seven distinct clusters were identified: mindful observation, body-centered, visual concentration, contemplation, affect-centered, mantra, and movement meditation.

Conclusions:

  • Meditation is not monolithic; distinct groups of techniques likely have varied effects.
  • The proposed embodied classification challenges the traditional focused attention/open-monitoring dichotomy.
  • Further comparative studies are encouraged to validate this new classification system.