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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
Published on: July 28, 2018
Carl Edmonds1, John Lippmann2,3, Andrew Fock3,4
1MRCP, retired.
This study documented 31 immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) cases in Oceania divers, finding cardiac anomalies like valvular disease and cardiomyopathies were frequent contributing factors. Nine fatalities occurred, highlighting the serious risks associated with IPE in diving environments.
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