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    Single-mode operation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based random fiber lasers is achieved only in a pulsed regime near threshold. Higher currents lead to multimode operation, influenced by fiber stress and Q-switching.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Laser Physics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are key components in fiber laser systems.
    • Understanding the operational regimes of random fiber lasers is crucial for their application.
    • Residual stress in optical fibers can impact laser performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the single-mode vs. multimode operation of SOA-based random fiber lasers.
    • To identify the conditions governing pulsed and continuous-wave operation.
    • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms for mode spacing and Q-switching.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental demonstration of laser operation under varying driving currents.
    • Theoretical simulations to model mode spacing and cavity dynamics.
    • Analysis of Q-switching mechanisms induced by Rayleigh backscattering.

    Main Results:

    • Single-mode operation observed exclusively in the pulsed regime near the lasing threshold.
    • Multimode operation dominates at higher driving currents.
    • Random frequency spacing attributed to residual fiber stress.
    • Pulsed regime linked to Q-switching from scintillation in Rayleigh backscattered light.
    • Experimentally measured mode lifetimes of ~1 ms and linewidths of 4–7 kHz.

    Conclusions:

    • The operational regime of SOA-based random fiber lasers is highly dependent on driving current.
    • Residual stress and Q-switching are critical factors influencing laser characteristics.
    • The findings provide insights for controlling and optimizing random fiber laser performance.