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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Developmental Plasticity and Cellular Reprogramming in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Joel Rothman1, Sophie Jarriault2

  • 1Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93111, and.

Genetics
|November 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular plasticity allows cells in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to change fates, challenging the idea of fixed developmental paths. This review explores natural and induced cell fate changes in worms and vertebrates.

Keywords:
WormBookcell type conversionreprogrammingstem cellstransdeterminationtransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Caenorhabditis elegans was initially viewed as a model for determinate development.
  • Recent studies reveal significant cellular plasticity, demonstrating that cell fates are not rigidly fixed.
  • Cells in both somatic and germline lineages can alter their fates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms underlying natural and induced cellular plasticity in C. elegans.
  • To describe the developmental events that restrict cell differentiation.
  • To discuss molecular processes controlling cellular plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on C. elegans development and cell fate.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms, including transcriptional and translational control.
  • Comparative discussion with vertebrate cellular plasticity studies.

Main Results:

  • Cellular differentiation is progressively restricted during embryogenesis and postembryonic development.
  • Multipotency-to-commitment transition (MCT) is a key stage in fate restriction.
  • Both genetic and environmental factors, as well as normal developmental processes, can induce cell fate changes.

Conclusions:

  • C. elegans exhibits remarkable cellular plasticity, contrary to earlier assumptions of fixed cell fates.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into developmental flexibility.
  • Findings in C. elegans have implications for comparative studies in vertebrate systems.