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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Normal development imaging pitfalls and injuries in the pediatric shoulder.

Jonathan Zember1, Pedro Vega2, Ignacio Rossi2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave., Washington, DC, 20010, USA. jonathan.zember@gmail.com.

Pediatric Radiology
|November 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Understanding pediatric shoulder skeletal maturation is key for accurate diagnosis. This review details normal ossification, growth plate changes, and marrow signal development, crucial for interpreting pediatric shoulder MRI scans.

Keywords:
ChildrenComputed tomographyDevelopmentMagnetic resonance imagingPitfallsRadiographyShoulderTrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Skeletal Development
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging

Background:

  • Skeletal maturation of the pediatric shoulder is complex.
  • MRI provides detailed insights into osseous and soft-tissue development.
  • Recognizing normal maturation is vital for accurate diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate normal skeletal maturation of the pediatric shoulder.
  • To detail imaging manifestations and potential pitfalls.
  • To guide interpretation of pediatric shoulder MRI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of radiographic and cadaveric studies.
  • Analysis of MRI findings in pediatric shoulder development.
  • Focus on ossification centers, growth plates, and marrow signal.

Main Results:

  • Describes ossification sequence from birth through growth.
  • Details development of secondary ossification centers and their fusion.
  • Highlights organized changes in growth plate morphology and marrow signal.

Conclusions:

  • Normal skeletal maturation patterns are essential for pediatric shoulder imaging.
  • Understanding these developmental changes aids in differentiating normal anatomy from pathology.
  • This knowledge is crucial for accurate MRI interpretation in children.