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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

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Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
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Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
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Utility of Botulinum Injections in Stiff-Person Syndrome.

L M Conners1, A Betcher1, A Shahinian1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Valley Hospital Medical Center, Las Vegas, NV, USA.

Case Reports in Neurological Medicine
|November 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) treatment can be challenging due to side effects. Botulinum injections offer a safe and effective option to reduce stiffness and improve function in SPS patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder causing rigidity and spasms.
  • Current treatments like benzodiazepines, baclofen, IVIG, plasma exchange, and rituximab have significant adverse effects.

Observation:

  • Botulinum injections have shown promise in managing SPS symptoms.
  • Despite evidence, botulinum remains underutilized in SPS patient care.

Findings:

  • Botulinum injections can effectively decrease pain and stiffness in SPS patients.
  • Treatment improves gait, balance, and reduces reliance on systemic therapies.
  • Botulinum offers a favorable safety profile compared to other refractory treatments.

Implications:

  • Botulinum injections represent a valuable, underutilized therapeutic option for Stiff-person syndrome.
  • This approach can enhance patient quality of life and reduce treatment burden.
  • Further research and clinical adoption of botulinum for SPS are warranted.