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Related Concept Videos

Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Related Experiment Video

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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

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Higher-Order Chromosomal Structures Mediate Genome Function.

Ivana Jerković1, Quentin Szabo1, Frédéric Bantignies1

  • 1Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS and University of Montpellier, France.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|November 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding chromosome organization in the nucleus is key to genome function and disease. Advanced Hi-C techniques reveal complex genome folding into structures like TADs, but mechanisms remain elusive.

Keywords:
Chromatin structureCompartmentsGenome foldingTopologically Associating DomainsTranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Chromosome organization in 3D nuclear space and its impact on genome function are critical, yet poorly understood, areas.
  • Genome activity and its connection to disease are intrinsically linked to how genetic material is spatially arranged.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the principles of genome folding and higher-order chromatin structures.
  • To highlight the gap in understanding the mechanisms by which genome organization influences function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing high-throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques, such as Hi-C.
  • Analyzing population-based and single-cell approaches to study genome organization.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of new principles governing genome folding.
  • Identification of local, intermediate (Topologically Associating Domains - TADs), and higher-order chromatin structures.
  • Evidence suggesting genome organization influences genome function.

Conclusions:

  • While significant progress has been made in mapping genome organization, the underlying mechanisms remain a major challenge.
  • International initiatives like 4DN, HCA, and LifeTime are poised to address these challenges through collaborative, advanced research.