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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal.

Jia Liu1, Lu-Ning Wang2

  • 1Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Department of Neurology, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, China, 100053.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|November 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Baclofen shows potential for treating alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), but current evidence is insufficient. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine its efficacy and safety for AWS management.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Clinical pharmacology
  • Addiction medicine

Background:

  • Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a severe condition for individuals dependent on alcohol.
  • Baclofen is being investigated for its potential to alleviate AWS symptoms.
  • This review is an update of previous research on baclofen for AWS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of baclofen in managing AWS.
  • To synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on baclofen for AWS.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases (Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL) up to June 2019.
  • Included RCTs comparing baclofen to placebo or other treatments for AWS.
  • Excluded non-randomized or uncontrolled studies.

Main Results:

  • Four RCTs with 189 participants were included.
  • No studies reported on primary outcomes like seizures, delirium, or craving.
  • Evidence comparing baclofen to placebo, diazepam, or chlordiazepoxide was of very low quality and showed no significant differences in withdrawal symptoms or adverse events.

Conclusions:

  • Insufficient and very low-quality evidence prevents drawing conclusions on baclofen's efficacy and safety for AWS.
  • Further high-quality research is required to establish baclofen's role in AWS treatment.