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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
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An overview of allergens.

Dawn K Lei, Leslie C Grammer

    Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
    |November 7, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Allergens, often proteins, trigger immune responses based on exposure route. Particle size influences respiratory symptoms, while animal allergens like Fel d 1 and Can f 1 cause persistent allergic reactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology and Allergy
    • Environmental Health

    Background:

    • Allergens are typically proteins or glycoproteins (5,000–100,000 Da), but other substances can also be allergenic.
    • Common allergens include pollens, fungal spores, dust mites, animal dander, drugs, and insect venoms.
    • The route of allergen exposure dictates the type of allergic reaction (respiratory, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, anaphylactic).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the nature of common allergens and their molecular characteristics.
    • To explain how allergen properties, such as size and route of exposure, influence allergic responses.
    • To detail the characteristics of specific animal allergens, including cat (Fel d 1) and dog (Can f 1).

    Main Methods:

    • Review of scientific literature on allergen composition and properties.

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  • Analysis of the relationship between allergen characteristics (e.g., particle size, molecular weight) and clinical manifestations.
  • Examination of the behavior and persistence of specific animal allergens in the environment.

    • Main Results:

    • Pollen particle size correlates with allergic symptoms: 20–60 μm cause rhinoconjunctivitis, <7 μm lead to asthma.
    • Cat allergen (Fel d 1) is highly buoyant and persistent, remaining airborne for months and spreading via clothing.
    • Dog allergen (Can f 1) is found in dander, saliva, and urine, with all breeds producing allergenic proteins.

    Conclusions:

    • Allergen characteristics significantly influence the type and severity of allergic reactions.
    • Environmental factors, such as particle size and allergen persistence, are critical in allergy development.
    • Understanding specific allergen properties, like those of cats and dogs, is crucial for managing allergic diseases.