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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

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Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

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Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Allergic Rhinitis Research with Multicolor Immunofluorescence
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Allergic Rhinitis Research with Multicolor Immunofluorescence

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Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.

Neha T Agnihotri, Kris G McGrath

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Rhinitis, a common condition causing nasal symptoms, is categorized as allergic or nonallergic. Effective management involves diagnosis, allergen avoidance, and pharmacotherapy, with combination treatments offering superior relief.

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    Area of Science:

    • Otolaryngology
    • Allergy and Immunology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Rhinitis encompasses nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and drainage, impacting quality of life and incurring significant economic costs.
    • It is classified into allergic and nonallergic types, with nonallergic rhinitis further divided into inflammatory (e.g., eosinophilic, postinfectious) and noninflammatory (e.g., vasomotor, medication-induced) causes.
    • Allergic rhinitis is subtyped as intermittent or persistent, and mild versus moderate-severe.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of rhinitis classification, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
    • To highlight the diagnostic approach, including history, physical examination, and specific testing.
    • To review current pharmacotherapeutic options and combination therapies for rhinitis management.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on rhinitis classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • Emphasis on diagnostic criteria including patient history, nasal examination, and skin testing for IgE antibodies.
    • Analysis of pharmacologic interventions, including intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, anticholinergics, decongestants, and leukotriene receptor antagonists.

    Main Results:

    • Rhinitis diagnosis relies on symptom patterns, chronicity, triggers, nasal examination, and allergen-specific IgE testing.
    • Pharmacotherapy options include intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, anticholinergic agents, oral decongestants, and leukotriene receptor antagonists.
    • Combination therapy, particularly intranasal antihistamine and nasal steroid, offers enhanced symptomatic relief compared to monotherapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Rhinitis management requires accurate classification and tailored treatment plans.
    • Allergen immunotherapy represents the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis.
    • Integrated approaches combining medication and allergen avoidance are crucial for optimal rhinitis control.