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Related Concept Videos

Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts
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Gram-Negative Bacteria Are Internalized Into Osteocyte-Like Cells.

Ray K Saunders1, Joseph Infanti2, Hibah Ali3

  • 1Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|November 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gram-negative bacteria, like Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens, can invade bone cells. This internalization, dependent on bacterial concentration and time, may contribute to recurrent bone infections and affect cell viability.

Keywords:
Proteus mirabilisSerratia marcescensbacterial internalizationosteocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Research
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Gram-positive bacteria are common in initial bone infections.
  • Gram-negative bacteria prevalence increases in recurrent bone infections.
  • Bacterial internalization is a potential cause of recurring bone infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if Gram-negative bacteria can be internalized into bone cells.
  • To investigate the mechanism and consequences of Gram-negative bacterial internalization in bone cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized MLO-A5 and MLO-Y4 bone cell lines.
  • Performed bacterial internalization assays with Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens.
  • Employed confocal microscopy to visualize internalized bacteria.
  • Used methyl-β-cyclodextrin and chloroquine to inhibit cellular uptake.
  • Assessed cell viability using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and MTT activity assays.

Main Results:

  • Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens were internalized by bone cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.
  • Confocal analysis confirmed intracellular bacteria within bone cells.
  • Cellular uptake was partially inhibited by methyl-β-cyclodextrin and chloroquine, indicating a cell-mediated process.
  • Internalized P. mirabilis did not affect cell viability.
  • Internalized S. marcescens increased LDH release and reduced MTT activity, indicating cytotoxicity and loss of cell viability.

Conclusions:

  • Gram-negative bacteria, specifically P. mirabilis and S. marcescens, can be internalized by bone cells.
  • This internalization process is cell-mediated.
  • Internalized S. marcescens can reduce bone cell viability.
  • Bacterial internalization into bone cells is a potential mechanism driving recurrent bone infections.