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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

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Circadian Rhythm and Glaucoma: What do We Know?

Lauren Ciulla¹, Meena Moorthy¹, Sunu Mathew¹

¹Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.

Journal of Glaucoma

|November 7, 2019

Summary

Circadian rhythm disorders significantly impact glaucoma risk and progression by affecting intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion. Understanding these disruptions may reveal new therapeutic targets for glaucoma management.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Sleep Medicine

Background:

Circadian rhythm disorders are poorly understood in relation to glaucoma pathophysiology.
These disorders may significantly influence glaucoma onset and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and summarize literature on circadian rhythm disorders and glaucoma.
To uncover the impact of circadian rhythm disruption on glaucoma risk.
To highlight future research and novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma management.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
PubMed database was searched for relevant studies up to August 1, 2019.

Main Results:

Normal circadian rhythm involves nocturnal intraocular pressure (IOP) peaks and blood pressure (BP) troughs, leading to low nocturnal ocular perfusion pressure.
Disrupted circadian rhythms, including melatonin and sleep disorders, alter IOP and ocular perfusion pressure, accelerating glaucoma progression.
Glaucoma can impair light perception, causing abnormal melatonin levels and circadian misalignment, contributing to sleep and mood disorders.
Effective glaucoma treatments lower nocturnal IOP without negatively impacting nocturnal BP or circadian variation.

Conclusions:

Glaucoma progression is multifactorial, influenced by circadian rhythm-regulated physiological factors.
Glaucoma itself can induce physiological changes leading to circadian rhythm disturbances.
Further research into diurnal cycles, melatonin, and their role in glaucoma management is essential.