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Biomaterials in Spinal Implants: A Review.

Andrew Warburton1, Steven J Girdler1, Christopher M Mikhail1

  • 1Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA.

Neurospine
|November 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are exploring ideal biomaterials for spinal implants, focusing on properties like biocompatibility and strength. Current advancements and common materials like titanium and PEEK are discussed, alongside future directions in spinal device technology.

Keywords:
BiomaterialsCagesRodsScrewsSpineSurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spinal implant research has focused on ideal biomaterials since the 1800s.
  • Spinal surgery and devices have evolved with improved understanding of biomechanics and new technologies.
  • The ideal biomaterial requires biocompatibility, bone-like Young's modulus, high strength, stiffness, fatigue resistance, and low imaging artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of biomaterials used in spinal implants.
  • To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used spinal implant materials.
  • To highlight current technological advancements in spinal implants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of spinal implant materials and technologies.
  • Discussion of material properties relevant to spinal fusion and stability.
  • Analysis of current trends including 3D printing and novel spinal devices.

Main Results:

  • Commonly used materials include stainless steel, titanium, cobalt chrome, nitinol, tantalum, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK).
  • These materials are utilized in various forms such as rods, screws, cages, and plates.
  • Advancements like 3D printing and devices such as ProDisc-L/C, ApiFix, and Mobi-C aim to enhance patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous vigilance regarding literature and technological advancements is crucial for spine surgeons.
  • The selection of biomaterials significantly impacts spinal implant performance and patient satisfaction.
  • Ongoing research and development are essential for improving spinal implant efficacy and patient care.