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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Electrodynamics

Background:

  • The proton charge radius (rₚ) is traditionally determined by electron-proton scattering and hydrogen spectroscopy.
  • A discrepancy, known as the 'proton radius puzzle,' emerged in 2010 due to results from muonic hydrogen experiments.
  • Recent spectroscopic measurements on ordinary hydrogen also show discrepancies, indicating unresolved issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely measure the proton charge radius using a novel electron-proton scattering method.
  • To address the ongoing 'proton radius puzzle' by providing new experimental data.
  • To investigate the discrepancy between different experimental and theoretical values of rₚ.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a high-precision electron-proton scattering experiment at Jefferson Laboratory (PRad).
  • Utilized a magnetic-spectrometer-free method to overcome limitations of previous experiments.
  • Implemented a windowless hydrogen gas target for measurements at very small forward-scattering angles.

Main Results:

  • Measured the proton charge radius as rₚ = 0.831 ± 0.007stat ± 0.012syst femtometers.
  • This result is smaller than the most recent high-precision electron-proton scattering measurements.
  • The measured value is 2.7 standard deviations smaller than the average of all previous electron-proton scattering results.

Conclusions:

  • The new measurement supports the smaller proton charge radius values obtained from muonic hydrogen experiments.
  • The findings align with the revised Rydberg constant, a fundamental constant in physics.
  • This research contributes to resolving the long-standing 'proton radius puzzle'.